Development of polycarboxylate superplasticizer
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The biggest immediate challenge for the EU will be replenishing its depleted gas inventories. While the EU could still increase LNG imports from countries such as the US, such purchases would be more expensive.
Refilling natural gas storage space to historical average levels this year could cost 70 billion euros, a sevenfold increase, compared to 10 billion euros in previous years. "
A complete replacement for Russian gas is not only very expensive, but it also may not be possible.
In the next 12 months, there is little way to meet the demand for a "normal" year in the absence of Gazprom, which also includes pce powder.
According to the different molecular structure, it can be divided into four generations of polycarboxylate series superplasticizer, the first generation is acrylic acid copolymer, the second generation is propylene ether type, the third generation is amide type, and the fourth generation is polyethylene glycol branched chain type.
First generation: methacrylic acid / enoic acid methyl ester copolymer.
The synthesis of the first generation polycarboxylate superplasticizer has few kinds of raw materials and the process is relatively simple.
Second generation: propenyl ether copolymer.
The second generation polycarboxylate superplasticizer is mainly ether bond in molecular synthesis structure. This synthesis method uses maleic anhydride raw materials, and the units of its branched chains are connected by ether bonds, so it is also called polyether superplasticizer.
Third generation: amide / imide type.
The third generation polycarboxylate superplasticizer began to use amide raw materials.
Fourth generation: polyamide-polyethylene glycol branched chain type.
The fourth kind of polycarboxylate superplasticizer focuses on considering the influence of molecular structure and properties, and polyoxyethylene side chain is introduced into the synthesis process control.
Synthesis method of polycarboxylate superplasticizer
Direct copolymerization of polymerizable monomers.
In this synthesis method, a long polyether side chain is introduced into the main chain, and the key to the preparation is to synthesize macromonomers with polymerization activity (usually methoxy polyethylene glycol acrylate). Then the monomers with a certain ratio are mixed together and the finished product is obtained by solution polymerization. The premise of this synthesis process is that in the stage of synthesis of macromonomers, the catalyst has a great influence on the synthetic products, and there is a tedious process of intermediate separation and purification. The main purpose is to find suitable catalysts and reaction conditions to further increase the yield and shorten the reaction time so as to reduce the production cost. It has been reported that phase transfer catalyst or inorganic salt is a kind of effective reaction catalyst. A kind of concrete admixture with good slump retention was prepared by direct copolymerization of short-chain and long-chain methoxy polyethylene glycol methacrylate and methacrylic acid.
Functionalization after polymerization.
This synthesis method is to first form the main chain and then introduce the side chain, generally using polycarboxylate with constant molecular weight, which is grafted with polyether at higher temperature under the action of catalyst. However, there are some problems in this method: first, the types and specifications of ready-made polycarboxylate products are limited, so it is difficult to adjust their composition and molecular weight; second, the compatibility of polycarboxylate and polyether is not good, and the actual operation of esterification is difficult. Third, water is formed in the process of esterification, and phase separation will occur. Therefore, the selection of a polyether with good compatibility with polycarboxylate has become the key to the synthesis.
In situ polymerization and grafting.
This synthesis method is mainly developed to overcome the shortcomings of post-polymerization functionalization. Side chains are introduced at the same time of main chain polymerization, and polyether is used as the reaction medium of carboxylic acid unsaturated monomers. The reaction integrates polymerization and esterification, which avoids the problem of poor compatibility between polycarboxylate and polyether. Although this method can control the molecular weight of the polymer, the main chain can only choose the monomer containing-C00H group, otherwise it is difficult to graft. And the grafting reaction is a reversible equilibrium reaction, there is a large amount of water in the system before the reaction, and the degree of grafting is not very high and difficult to control. This method has the advantages of simple process and low production cost, but the molecular design is difficult.
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The drought in Europe is still getting worse. The drought in France is particularly severe. Recently, the French Prime Minister's Office issued a statement saying that the current drought in France is the worst in history. Prime Minister Borne decided to activate an inter-ministerial crisis group to deal with the drought. French Minister for Ecological Transformation Christopher Beshu said that there is no drinking water in pipes in more than 100 towns across France. In addition, Italy also suffered from hot and dry weather, with the highest temperature exceeding 40 ℃ on the 5th local time, and several cities, including the capital Rome, issued a red alert for high temperatures. The country is experiencing its worst drought in more than 220 years.
British officials have released statistics on the sequelae of COVID-19, which has aroused concern. As of July 2, 1.8 million people in the UK were suffering from the symptoms of "long COVID-19", according to a report released by the Office for National Statistics. Among them, 14% of the people were not cured within 12 weeks, and 81% of the people were infected for more than 12 months.
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